The Harrier II has also been purchased … The performance difference is that the F-35B can go faster than the speed of sound while the Harrier … The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) AV-8B Harrier II is a second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) ground-attack aircraft. ", "Last trip for one of Britain's iconic aircraft", "U.S. To Buy Decommissioned British Harrier Jets", "UK Harrier fleet sold as £115 million worth of spare parts", "USMC hopes new method for tracking fatigue life will help extend Harrier to 2030", "No 1 Squadron Aircraft and Markings 1969 – Current", "No 3 Squadron Aircraft & Markings 1953 – Current", "No IV Squadron Aircraft & Markings 1939 – Current", "Harrier II night-attack options diverge", Second-generation Harriers on Greg Goebel's vectorsite.net, Photographs of Harrier G R Mk 7 deployed aboard HMS Illustrious, Defense Industry Daily: AV-8B Harrier finding Success in Iraq (30 March 2005), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Harrier_II&oldid=1003605010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, An RAF Harrier GR9 over Afghanistan, 2008, Fast Jet & Weapons Operational Evaluation Unit, This page was last edited on 29 January 2021, at 20:03. [77] All Harrier GR7 aircraft were retired by July 2010. [78], The Harrier GR9 was expected to stay in service at least until 2018. The Harrier II is a radically upgraded version of the original Harrier developed as a joint venture between British Aerospace and McDonnell-Douglas. [55], In 2005, allegations emerged in Parliament that, following the transfer of servicing duties to RAF Cottesmore, the standard and quality of maintenance on the Harrier fleet had fallen dramatically; several airframes had been considerably damaged and one likely destroyed due to mistakes made, the time taken to perform the servicing had risen from 100 days to 155 days, and the cost per aircraft had also risen to more than ten times that of the prior arrangements performed by Defence Aviation Repair Agency (DARA). [47] Both the British and American Harrier squadrons were withdrawn from Iraq in summer 2003. [13][14] Like the British Aerospace Sea Harrier, the Harrier II used an elevated bubble canopy to provide a significantly improved all-round view. [75] These later expanded and become the Naval Strike Wing. When the Sea Harrier was retired, it was suggested that its Blue Vixen radar could be transferred to the Harrier IIs. [66] In April 2003, the Ministry of Defence admitted that RAF Harriers had deployed controversial RBL755 cluster bombs in Iraq. British Aerospace (BAe) was formed as a statutory corporation on 29th April 1977 as a result of the Aircraft and Shipbuilders Industries Act of the same year. ", http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_191634.pdf, "Britain's fast jet forces – National Interest versus vested interest. The Sea Harrier had a radar since its introduction and the USMC later equipped their AV-8B Harriers with a radar as part of the AV-8B+ upgrade; however the RAF chose not to install a radar on their airframes. [33], A further major upgrade programme from the GR7 standard was conducted; the Harrier GR9. However, several aircraft were dispatched to patrol no-fly zones over Iraq from 1993 onwards. The original aluminium alloy fuselage was replaced by a fuselage which makes extensive use of composites, providing significant weight reduction and increased payload or range. In December 2010, budgetary pressures led to the early retirement of all Harrier IIs from service. Data below for Harrier GR.3 and Sea Harrier F/A.2 where indicated In September 2004, six Harrier GR7s were deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan, replacing a US detachment of AV-8Bs in the region. 20 Squadron RAF, the Harrier Operational Conversion Unit (OCU), was disbanded; No. ", "Sea Harrier cuts leave the fleet exposed The decision to retire the decisive weapon of the Falklands conflict means the Navy will have to rely on America for air support", "Out with the Old in with the New – Renumbering Parade Royal Air Force Cottesmore", "UK defence chiefs stand by Harrier retirement decision", "Britain's fast jet forces – National Interest versus vested interest. [61] In the long term, the F-35C Lightning II, scheduled for introduction by 2020, shall operate from the Navy's two Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers. The Harrier II served alongside the Sea Harrier in Joint Force Harrier. [25] The Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod (DJRP) was added as part of Capability D.[25], In February 2007, handling trials of the MBDA Brimstone missile began,[25] however the Brimstone would remain uncleared for deployment on the GR9 to its early retirement. [61] Prior to the war, the Harriers had been equipped with a new armament, the AGM-65 Maverick missile, which reportedly was a noticeable contribution to the Harrier's operations over Iraq;[62] a total of 38 Mavericks were launched during the campaign. [31] By the end of 1990, the Harrier II was approaching full operational status with multiple squadrons. The GR5 differed from the USMC AV-8B in avionics fit, weapons and countermeasures. [25] The first of these increments started with software upgrades to the communications, ground proximity warning and navigation systems, followed by the integration of the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missile. The British Aerospace Harrier II, a variant tailored to the RAF, uses different avionics and has one additional missile pylon on each wing. [15], In 1995, hostilities between ethnic Croatians and Serbians in the aftermath of the collapse of Yugoslavia led to the dispatch of NATO forces to the region as a deterrent to further escalations in violence. pp. [56] In April 1999, the rules of engagement were changed to allow Harriers to use GPS navigation and targeting during medium-altitude bombing missions. GR5A The GR5A was a minor variant of the Harrier which incorporated changes in the design in anticipation of the GR7 upgrade. [N 6] The capability soon proved useful: in 1998, a deployment was conducted to Iraq via aircraft carriers stationed in the Persian Gulf. [56], In 2006, the Sea Harrier was retired from Fleet Air Arm service and the Harrier GR7/9 fleet was tasked with the missions that it used to share with those aircraft. page 5. The Harrier II participated in numerous conflicts, making significant contributions in combat theatres such as Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan. ", "RAF and Navy plan 'Joint Force' merger. [70], A Royal Air Force Harrier GR7 taking off from the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious (R06) in the Persian Gulf, 1998. [60] When war broke out, Harriers flew reconnaissance and strike missions inside Southern Iraq, reportedly to destroy Scud missile launchers to prevent their use against neighbouring Kuwait. [8] In December 1989, the RAF's first squadron to be equipped with the Harrier II was declared operational. [43] In 1994, the last of the RAF's first generation Harriers was retired, the Harrier II having taken over its duties. ", "US, UK forces enter Iraq in Gulf War II. A new one-piece wing provides around 14 per cent more area and increased thickness. [34][N 5] Capability E would have included a Link 16 communications link,[34][37] an auxiliary communications system, and a Tactical Information Exchange Capability (TIEC) system that was planned to by deployed on both the Harrier II and the Tornado GR4. [69] On 14 October 2005, a Harrier GR7A was destroyed and another was damaged while parked on the tarmac at Kandahar by a Taliban rocket attack. [40], The first squadrons to receive the Harrier II were based in Royal Air Force Germany, a standing force maintained to deter Soviet aggression against the West and, in the event of war, to carry out ground attacks. 3: HARRIER II Plus Armada Spagna . The British Aerospace Sea Harrier is a naval short take-off and vertical landing/vertical take-off and landing jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft; the second member of the Harrier Jump Jet family developed. [23][N 3] The GR7 development programme operated in conjunction with a similar USMC initiative upon its AV-8B Harrier fleet. The US government was content to continue if a major foreign buyer was found and Britain had a plan to improve the Harrier with a new, larger metal wing. ISSN, "Flash Traffic: UK Sells all GR09s for US180M to US". A GR9 in Afghanistan typically carried a DJRP, a Sniper pod, two Paveway IV and two of either CRV-7, Paveway IV or Maverick.[26]. [29], Some GR7s were equipped with uprated Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines, correspondingly redesignated as GR7A; these Harriers had significantly improved takeoff and landing capabilities, and could carry greater payloads. However, the Ministry of Defence rejected this as risky and too expensive; the Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram estimated that the cost would be in excess of £600 million. [90], Data from Harrier II, Validating V/STOL[104], Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era, Multirole combat aircraft series by British Aerospace. Articles needing factual verification from October 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, List of active United Kingdom military aircraft, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/cm040105/text/40105w06.htm#40105w06.html_sbhd8, "Night Harrier to enter RAF service in August. [8] The US and UK agreement to proceed included a British contribution of US$280 million to cover development costs to meet their own requirements and to purchase at least 60 aircraft. [69] The GR5 had many differences from the USMC's AV-8B Harriers, such as avionics fit, armaments and equipment; the wing of the GR5 featured a stainless steel leading edge, giving it different flex characteristics from the AV-8B. The aircraft was the latest development of the Harrier Jump Jet family, and was derived from the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II. [25][26] Additional avionics include a nose-mounted forward-looking infrared (FLIR) and night vision goggles, an electronic countermeasures suite, new cockpit displays and a replacement moving map system. [62] The decision to retire the Harrier was controversial, with some senior officers calling for the Panavia Tornado to be retired as an alternative. [24], In June 1994, the newly introduced GR7 was deployed for trials on board the Navy's Invincible class aircraft carriers. The Harrier family line consists of four major versions composed of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the British Aerospace (BAe) Sea Harrier, the Boeing/BAe AV-8B Harrier II and the BAe Systems/Boeing Harrier II. The option of equipping several Harrier IIs with the Sea Harrier's. The AV-8B Harrier II is a single-engine ground-attack aircraft that constitutes the second generation of the Harrier Jump Jet family. ", "RAF 'nearly ran out of bombs' in Kosovo. ", "Harrier Replacement Rear Fuselage Programme Concluded Successfully", http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_10773163045.html, "Qinetiq will keep ageing RAF Harriers in the air. Harrier Jump Jet Family of jet-powered attack aircraft capable of vertical/short takeoff and landing … ", "The UK's GR9 Harriers to Add 'Capability E'. A variant of the AV-8B, the British Aerospace Harrier II, was developed for the British military, while another, the TAV-8B, is a dedicated two-seat trainer. The GR9 was developed via the Joint Update and Maintenance Programme (JUMP), which significantly upgraded the Harrier fleet's avionics, communications systems, and weapons capabilities during scheduled periods of maintenance in an incremental manner. [7][verification needed], The first prototype flew in 1981. [35], During Operation Allied Force, the NATO mission over Kosovo in 1999, the RAF contribution included 16 Panavia Tornados and 12 Harrier GR7s. [58] On 31 March 2010, No. The former Sea Harrier squadron 800 Naval Air Squadron reformed with ex-RAF Harrier GR7/9s in April 2006 and joined by the re-formed 801 Naval Air Squadron in 2007. Development of a much more powerful successor to the Harrier began in 1973 as a cooperative effort between McDonnell Douglas(MDD) in the US and Hawker Siddeley (in 1977, its aviation interests were nationalised to form part of British Aerospace) in the UK. [36], In January 2007, the Harrier GR9 began its first operational deployment at Kandahar, as part of the NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF); Harrier GR7s would be progressively withdrawn in favour of the newer Harrier GR9. The aircraft was the latest development of the Harrier Jump Jet family, and was derived from the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II. [7] In 1982, the UK opted to become fully involved in the joint US–UK programme. [3][4], Due to US interest, work proceeded on the development of a less ambitious successor, a Harrier fitted with a larger wing and making use of composite materials in its construction. The F-35B can automatically do a VTOL landing while the Harrier is manual. [52][53], In January 2007, the Harrier GR9's began its first operational deployment at Kandahar, as part of the NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The US government was content to continue if a major foreign buyer was found; however Britain had their own plan to improve the current Harrier with a new, larger metal wing. [54], During Operation Allied Force, the NATO mission over Kosovo in 1999, the RAF contribution included 16 Panavia Tornados and 12 Harrier GR7s. [10][11] The UK's Harrier IIs have an additional missile pylon in front of each wing landing gear, and strengthened leading edges of the wings to meet higher bird strike requirements. 4 (Reserve) Squadron at RAF Wittering. ", "Sea Harrier cuts leave the fleet exposed The decision to retire the decisive weapon of the Falklands conflict means the Navy will have to rely on America for air support", http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1389438/Sea-Harrier-cuts-leave-the-fleet-exposed-The-decision-to-retire-the-decisive-weapon-of-the-Falklands-conflict-means-the-Navy-will-have-to-rely-on-America-for-air-support.-David-Graves-reports.html, http://www.airinternational.com/view_news.asp?ID=1855, "Out with the Old In with the New – Renumbering Parade Royal Air Force Cottesmore. "UK Harriers will fly again with USMC". Operational naval deployments began in 1997. The Harrier is a family of jet-powered attack aircraft capable of vertical/short takeoff and landing operations (V/STOL). 4 (Reserve) Squadron at RAF Wittering. Two prototypes were built from existing aircraft and flew in 1978. ", http://www.defencemanagement.com/article.asp?id=329&content_name=Aviation&article=9493, http://services.parliament.uk/hansard/Lords/ByDate/20101111/writtenanswers/part004.html, "The UK's GR9 Harriers to Add 'Capability E'. However, on 19 October 2010 it was announced in the Strategic Defence and Security Review that the Harrier was to be retired by April 2011. [57] These later expanded and become the Naval Strike Wing. ", http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive.cfm?storyid=AEA65E0E-5056-A318-A8B50414638F1C14, "UK defence chiefs stand by Harrier retirement decision", http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/11/15/349713/uk-defence-chiefs-stand-by-harrier-retirement-decision.html, "Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review. [6] The US and UK agreement to proceed included a British contribution of US$280 million to cover development costs to meet their own requirements and to purchase at least 60 aircraft. [48], In September 2004, six Harrier GR7s were deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan, replacing a US detachment of AV-8Bs in the region. According to aviation author Lon Nordeen, the RAF had originally intended to modernise its first generation T.4/4A two-seat trainers in order to perform the trainer role for the Harrier II; however pilots noted that training upon a variant in which the cockpit and controls would be far more comparable to the newer Harrier II would have greater benefits and have less limitations, thus in 1990 the Ministry of Defence placed an order for 14 combat-capable twin-seat aircraft. At the time, first-generation Harriers were being introduced into Royal Air Force and United States Marine Corps; however, operational experience had highlighted demand for a more capable aircraft. [28] Following the full delivery of 34 Harrier GR7s in 1991, all of the GR5s underwent avionics upgrades to become GR7s as well. [25] Capability E would have included a Link 16 communications link,[25][27] an auxiliary communications system, and a Tactical Information Exchange Capability (TIEC) system that was planned to by deployed on both the Harrier II and the Tornado GR4. [35] The Sniper targeting pod replaced the less accurate TIALD in 2007, under an Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) for Afghanistan. ", "US, UK forces enter Iraq in Gulf War II. A government statement gave the following systems as being cleared for the GR9 as of November 2010, just before its retirement : The Litening 3[26] and RAPTOR[26] pods, ASRAAM,[26] Enhanced Paveway III,[26] ALARM,[26] Brimstone[26] and Storm Shadow[26] were not qualified for use on the GR9. 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