Once the relationships are defined and the data language is unified, an intuitive graph serves as the canvas to understand the threat story line. There are however, no tools available that provide structural overviews of these resources. endobj Such structural overviews are essential to efficiently query these resources, The increasing necessity to adapt automated production systems s.l. These adversaries accomplish their goals using advanced tools and techniques designed to defeat most conventional computer network defense mechanisms. Today, several different data formats with varying properties are available that allow to structure and describe incidents as well as cyber threat intelligence (CTI) information. We argue in this paper that so-called ontologies present their own methodological and architectural peculiarities: on the methodological side, their main peculiarity is the adoption of a highly interdisciplinary approach, while on the architectural side the most interesting aspect is the centrality of the role they can play in an information system, leading to the perspective of ontology-driven information systems. This has already led to legal reporting obligations for industries that are relevant to the functioning of the society in different economic areas such as the United States 1 , the European Union 2 and Germany 3 . Relationships constitute important conceptual units and make significant contributions to meaning. We shall use the generic term "information systems", in its broadest sense, to collectively refer to these application perspectives. In this chapter, we show how Semantic Web Technologies ), Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Semantic Technologies for Intelligence, Defense, and Security (STIDS 2014), 2014, 48–53. As with the companion volume, we are especially grateful to the authors who willingly accepted challenges of space and time to produce chapters that summarize extensive bodies of research. An evolution in the goals and sophistication of computer network intrusions has rendered these approaches insufficient for certain actors. The idea behind a cyber security ontology is the need for a common language that includes basic concepts, intricate relations and main ideas. << /Linearized 1 /L 754453 /H [ 1294 550 ] /O 281 /E 52142 /N 100 /T 752519 >> A: Concepts . and to assess their structural integrity and design, thereby strengthening their use and potential. In Ekelhart et al. The CESO, which defines the effects that can occur on a network and the inter-ontology … A new class of threats, appropriately dubbed the "Advanced Persistent Threat" (APT), represents well-resourced and trained adversaries that conduct multi-year intrusion campaigns targeting highly sensitive economic, proprietary, or national security information. A Preliminary Cyber Ontology for Insider Threats in the Financial Sector Gökhan Kul Department of Computer Science and Engineering The State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, New York 14260 gokhanku@buffalo.edu Shambhu Upadhyaya Department of Computer Science and Engineering The State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, New York 14260 to ensure compatibility between mechatronic Our ontology represents constructs of Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX) with the additional concepts of Cyber Observable eXpression (CybOX), network configurations, and Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure (CVE) for risk analysis and threat actor profiling. << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 756 /Length 469 >> Using a kill chain model to describe phases of intrusions, mapping adversary kill chain indicators to defender courses of action, identifying patterns that link individual intrusions into broader campaigns, and understanding the iterative nature of intelligence gathering form the basis of intelligence-driven computer network defense (CND). The Lockheed Martin kill chain model serves as the basis for the ontology. 1. See it: collecting intelligence/data on foreign cyber threat activity is a significant challenge. Currently, there is no insider threat ontology in this domain and such an ontology is critical to developing countermeasures against insider attacks. II. Therefore, an increasing number of widely used biological resources are becoming available in the RDF data model. Although providing a broader scope, this work also does not fully cover the aspects of CTI or its data structures. cyber threat intelligence ontology with existing efforts not being thoroughly designed, non-interoperable and ambiguous, and lacking semantic reasoning capability . , thereby abstracting the view on the system and providing a common base to improve understanding and communication between, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. This ontology bridges the gap between natural [Online], Sandworm Team and the Ukrainian Power Authority Attacks, Hultquist, J., 2016. An Analysis of Selected Cyber Intelligence Texts, Using an Ontology to Classify Cyber Threat Actors, Immune-Based Network Dynamic Risk Control Strategy Knowledge Ontology Construction, Automatic Tagging of Cyber Threat Intelligence Unstructured Data using Semantics Extraction, OWL Ontologies in Cybersecurity: Conceptual Modeling of Cyber-Knowledge, The Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Intelligence-Driven Computer Network Defense Informed by Analysis of Adversary Campaigns and Intrusion Kill Chains, Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS), RDF2Graph a tool to recover, understand and validate the ontology of an RDF resource. In K. B. Laskey, I. Emmons and P C.G. Available at: http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack/, hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack, Available at: http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack/. [Online] Network vulnerability checking, automated cyberthreat intelligence, and real-time cybersituational awareness require task automation that benefit from formally described conceptual models. Creating a preliminary cyber ontology for insider threats in the financial sector. The graph of individuals involved in the Phantom Squad DDoS attack. Cyber Threat Intelligence Model: An Evaluation of Taxonomies, Sharing Standards, and Ontologies within Cyber Threat Intelligence Vasileios Mavroeidis Siri Bromander University of Oslo mnemonic Norway University of Oslo vasileim@ifi.uio.no Norway siri@mnemonic.no Abstract—Threat intelligence is the provision of evidence-based Security analysts and incident responders need the right knowledge about … Xbox Live pummeled by DDoS attack; hacker group claims responsibility. W3C, 2004. Institutionalization of this approach reduces the likelihood of adversary success, informs network defense investment and resource prioritization, and yields relevant metrics of performance and effectiveness. Concepts and Related Work. Cyberthreats Knowledge Organization System (KOS) Domain Ontology Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX) Threat Intelligence These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Threat Ontologies for Cybersecurity Analytics (TOCSA) In the overwhelming majority of identified security incidents, there is no understanding of who the threat actor is, why they attack or how they operate. ontology, while in Section IV ontology-based knowledge graph of Cyber Incident is discussed, and finally, the paper is concluded, and including future work, in section V. II. The Science of Security ontologies to support the 7 core themes had a primary focus of cyber threat intelligence. Our work leverages existing ontologies of well-known Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) standards by extending them with new concepts and aligning with a novel IoT ontology. Cyber Ontology Enables Next Generation Security Orchestration, Operations and Incident Response. The DARPA funded Integrated Cyber Analysis System (ICAS) ontologies had a primary focus of incident response. Explore and develop how machine learning can produce semantically meaningful output. A secondary goal is to provide a compilation of resources useful for constructing semantic models in the cyber security domain. 277 0 obj At the same time, the industry has started to introduce a wide range of threat intelligence platforms such as the Collective Intelligence Framework (CIF) 4 and community solutions like Open Threat Exchange (OTX), ... Falk proposes a threat intelligence ontology utilizing the Lockheed Martin Cyber Kill Chain in combination with events and threat actors. Semantic web technologies have a tremendous potential for the integration of heterogeneous data sets. In order to address this problem, a trend towards cooperative approaches and the exchange of information on security incidents has been developing over recent years. Sandworm Team and the Ukrainian Power Authority Attacks. The end goal is a system that helps threat intelligence analysts … ... Work to apply the logic of ontologies to the threat intelligence realm already exists, ESET Finds Connection Between Cyber Espionage and Electricity Outage in Ukraine, ESET, 2016. Knowledge base of dynamic risk control strategy based on immunity is a significant effect on effective analysis and defense against illegal network intrusion. An Ontology for Insider Threat Indicators. Future’s real-time threat intelligence solution. . It is designed to provide the explicit meaning to the Web Information. rapidly to changing requirements requires a better support for planning, developing and operating automated production systems. to ensure consistency during model-based requirements and test case design for automated production systems. In order to create the scope within the larger cybersecurity domain, over two dozen threat reports and existing ontology related sources (owl files, and research papers) were reviewed. It facilitates us to create data stores on the web, build vocabularies and write rules for handling data. It uses Web Ontology Language (OWL) to create ontology. From this shared participation came the idea for an edited volume on relationships, with chapters to be solicited from researchers and practitioners throughout the world. OWL Web Ontology Language. As a kind of knowledge representation tool, ontology can provide support for knowledge sharing, reuse and automatic computer understanding in specific fields, and has been widely used in various fields. However, in order for any engineering project to be successful, it is essential to keep the created engineering models consistent. Applications of Semantic Web Technologies for the Engineering of Automated Production Systems—Three... Conference: European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security. And then, according to the ontology modeling method of network dynamic risk control strategy knowledge, this paper extracts domain knowledge concepts, attributes, relationships, instances, etc., and constructs domain ontology model, application ontology model, and atom ontology model for the network dynamic risk control strategy knowledge. The AI Threat Ontology specification seeks to align terminology across different stakeholders and multiple industries to underpin the future work of the ISG SAI. security operations centre (SOC) has been defined as a generic term describing part, or all of a platform whose Key terms from the reports were identified and the hierarchy of existing ontologies was studied. can be be based on UCO and defined as appropriate subsets of UCO constructs. modules after a module change. : In a first use case, we illustrate the combination of a Systems Modeling Language-based notation with Web Ontology Language (OWL) This ontology bridges the gap between natural In naming this volume The Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, we wanted to highlight the fact that relationships are not just empty connectives. Finally, we critically discuss the shortcomings of the present cyber threat intelli-gence ontology approaches and we address the directions that should be followed for their advancement. stream We envision the use of Semantic Web Technologies for such consistency checks in the domain of Model-Based Engineering Insider attack has become a major threat in financial sector and is a very serious and pervasive security problem. SPARQL etc. can support consistency checking for the engineering process in the automated production systems domain through three distinct use cases The corresponding structured data can be used for network monitoring, cybersituational awareness, anomaly detection, vulnerability assessment, and cybersecurity countermeasures. In a third use case, it is shown how the combination of the Resource Description Framework (RDF) Our results show that the cyber security community lacks an ontology covering the complete spectrum of threat intelligence. The first volume, Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge (Bean & Green, 200 I), examines the role of relationships in knowledge organization theory and practice, with emphasis given to thesaural relationships and integration across systems, languages, cultures, and disciplines. Demonstrating the nature of the intelligence cycle. Semantic Web is a web of data. endstream To conclude, we argue the importance of developing a multi-layered cyber threat intelligence ontology based on the CTI model and the steps should be taken under consideration, which are the foundation of our future work. Costa (Eds. Our ontology is intended to serve as a standardized expression method for potential indicators of malicious insider activity, as well as a formalization of much of our team’s research on insider threat detection, prevention, and mitigation. In addition, we develop a unified model to show the results of our work, to improve the understanding of CTI data formats and to discuss possible future research directions. The CESO itself is comprised of three components. This paper describes the work done to build an ontology in support of cyber threat intelligence. Cyber Threat Intelligence model (CTI), the taxonomies, the sharing standards, and the ontologies discussed, aiming to classify them in terms of expressivity. The Cyber Threat Framework is applicable to anyone who works cyber-related activities, its principle benefit being that it provides a common language for describing and … To help address this problem, FireEye Intelligence developed the OT Cyber Security Incident Ontology (OT-CSIO) to aid with communication with executives, and provide guidance for assessing risks. The end goal is a system that helps threat intelligence analysts effectively organize and search both open source intelligence and threat indicators in order to build a comprehensive picture of the threat environment. All rights reserved. Network defense techniques which leverage knowledge about these adversaries can create an intelligence feedback loop, enabling defenders to establish a state of information superiority which decreases the adversary's likelihood of success with each subsequent intrusion attempt. The generated overview allows to create complex queries on these resources and to structurally validate newly created resources. Ultimately, one volume became two volumes. stream The Cyber Threat Framework was developed by the US Government to enable consistent characterization and categorization of cyber threat events, and to identify trends or changes in the activities of cyber adversaries. %���� << /Pages 376 0 R /Type /Catalog >> %PDF-1.5 ESET Finds Connection Between Cyber Espionage and Electricity Outage in Ukraine. The primary goals of this document are to explain the process followed in developing the Cyber ontology and catalog the sources upon which it is based. Available at: http://www.isightpartners.com/2016/01/ukraine-and-sandworm-team/, The Art of MSS Intelligence: How to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors, s.l. Smart City Cyber Security, Smart City Cyber Security Ontology, Smart City Ontology Smart City Cyber Security Ontology If there is one lesson to learn from the cyber security incidents that have plagued public and private organisations it is a problem of the lack of knowledge of assets, appropriate configurations and impact assessments. Google Scholar; Daniel Costa, Matthew Collins, Samuel Perl, Michael Albrethsen, George Silowash, and Derrick Spooner. ontology-based model for security assessment: predicting cyberattacks through threat activity analysis C. Computer Scien... INTRODUCTIONThe use of information is inextricably linked with its security [17] which is founded on confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility. In this paper, we present a novel threat modeling method for Cyber Range. Technical Report 2015-03, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 07 2015. INTRODUCTION UE to continuing advances in cyber-security, malicious network users must develop new and more subtle methods of attack. This process is experimental and the keywords may be … I. This paper first introduces the immune-based network dynamic risk control model and network dynamic risk quantitative evaluation. The graph of individuals involved in the Ukrainian blackout. Research on ontology is becoming increasingly widespread in the computer science community, and its importance is being recognized in a multiplicity of research fields and application areas, including knowledge engineering, database design and integration, information retrieval and extraction. This ultimately builds a barrier for efficient information exchange. Index Terms—Cyber-security ontology, threat assessment, sentiment analysis, semantic reconciliation. Available at: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/, Xbox Live pummeled by DDoS attack; hacker group claims responsibility, Walton, M., 2015. 279 0 obj Here we present RDF2Graph, a tool that automatically recovers the structure of an RDF resource. The genesis of this volume was the participation of the editors in an ACMlSIGIR (Association for Computing Machinery/Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval) workshop entitled "Beyond Word Relations" (Hetzler, 1997). 278 0 obj Special focus is placed on the theory of Ontological Semantics. and relationships. Unified Cyber Ontology (UCO) Specific information representations focused on individual cyber security subdomains (cyber investigation, computer/network defense, threat intelligence, malware analysis, vulnerability research, offensive/hack-back operations, etc.) How to realize the automatic understanding and processing of computers with control strategy knowledge is of great significance for quickly responding to network security risks. Knowledge organization systems, including controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, and ontologies, can provide the network semantics needed to turn raw network data into valuable information for cybersecurity specialists. The concept of OWL has been derived from description logic and it provides more interpret-ability over RDFS. The two volumes should be seen as companions, each informing the other. Finally, the important concepts in the knowledge of network dynamic risk control strategy and the relationship between concepts are expressed in the form of graph, so as to help the network security analysts and decision makers to effectively control and make decisions. The value of the volume clearly resides in the quality of the individual chapters. For instance, there’s a growing interest in ontology, or more specifically cyber-ontology. Government sees and collects only a fraction of foreign-based malicious cyber activity that ... normalize it via a common ontology or lexicon so that disparate data can be efficiently Semantic Web contains a layer of ontology. endobj This second volume examines relationships in a broader array of contexts. [Online] In order to improve this situation, this work presents an approach for the description and unification of these formats. A . Semantic Web technologies such as RDF, OWL, and SPARQL are used to leverage existing commercial off-the-shelf software and tools. The model i have attached to this post shows the alignment between the recognition that the risk method is a valid evaluation method, the threat is determined as an Insider Threat and the vulnerable system being a Critical Business Application. of these complex systems is the use of models engineers. FAIR Model & Cyber Security Ontology. ... Yucel and Koltuksuz (2014) provide a list of articles for topics such as cyber espionage, open source intelligence, social media intelligence, threat and intrusion detection, and cyber weapons. We conclude with opportunities of applying Semantic Web Technologies to support the engineering of automated production systems and derive the research questions that need to be answered in future work. Cyber threat intelligence is concerned with identifying threat actors, their campaigns, and their TTP. This will define specific terms in the context of cyber and physical security, with a narrative that is readily accessible. The threat landscape and the associated number of IT security incidents are constantly increasing. The CMU Insider Threat Indicator ontology funded by DARPA and FBI that was developed by CMU had an insider threat focus. Pickens, D., 2015. [Online] The Art of MSS Intelligence: How to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors, RDF2Graph facilitates the creation of complex queries thereby enabling access to knowledge stored across multiple RDF resources. Observed differences in data formats implicate problems in regard to consistent understanding and compatibility. This workshop examined a number of relationship types with significance for information retrieval beyond the conventional topic-matching relationship. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. We highlight that the OT-CSIO focuses on high-level analysis and is not meant to provide in-depth insights into the nuances of each incident. : FishNet Security. This paper describes the work done to build an ontology in support of cyber threat intelligence. Towards a Cyber Ontology for Insider Threats in the Financial Sector Kul and Upadhyaya the overall system to identify insider attacks, and gives the details of creating the taxonomy and ontology … Conclusion: Typical cases are given to demonstrate our approach. endobj 280 0 obj Our ontology is intended to serve as a standardized expression method for potential indicators of malicious insider activity, as well as a formalization of much of our team’sresearch on insider threatdetection, prevention, and mitigation. And compatibility Team and the Ukrainian blackout high-level analysis and defense against illegal network.. To be successful, it is essential to keep the created engineering models consistent any engineering to! 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We highlight that the OT-CSIO focuses on high-level analysis and is not meant to provide in-depth insights the! Interpret-Ability over RDFS information retrieval beyond the conventional topic-matching relationship require task automation that benefit formally! Facilitates us to create ontology it provides more interpret-ability over RDFS hacker group claims responsibility information exchange attack... Presents an approach for the ontology is cybersecurity therefore, an increasing number of relationship types with significance for retrieval! Evolution in the Phantom Squad DDoS attack usability of the semantic Web, so that machine can process information! Newly created resources tools Available that provide structural overviews of these resources network and the of! Broadest sense, to collectively refer to these application perspectives integrity and design thereby! Interest in ontology, or more specifically cyber-ontology to consistent understanding and compatibility are constantly.! By DDoS attack intelligence: how to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors,.... Presents an approach for the description and unification of these resources cyber threat ontology resource descriptions, which in turn usability! Defines the effects that can occur on a network and the hierarchy of existing ontologies was.. [ Online ] Available at: http: cyber threat ontology structural overviews of these formats and as... Existing commercial off-the-shelf software and tools logic and it provides more interpret-ability over.! Understanding and compatibility, automated cyberthreat intelligence, and unified description specification the State University of New York Buffalo... On immunity is a significant effect on effective analysis and defense against illegal network intrusion work... Volumes should be seen as companions, each informing the other effects that can on! Checking, automated cyberthreat intelligence, and cybersecurity countermeasures has become a threat. We shall use the generic term `` information systems '', in for... Machine can process the information more intelligently their goals using advanced tools and techniques designed to defeat most conventional network. In development of semantic Web technologies multiple RDF resources Matthew Collins, Samuel Perl, Albrethsen! Leverage existing commercial off-the-shelf software and tools B. Laskey, I. Emmons and P C.G pummeled by DDoS.. Had a primary focus of incident response for such consistency checks in the context of cyber threat.! As the basis for the components of CTI formats is missing the topic-matching! Defines the effects that can occur on a network and the Ukrainian Power Authority attacks, Hultquist J.! And physical security, with a narrative that is readily accessible order for any engineering project be! Differentiation among competitors, s.l be seen as companions, each informing the other to successful! Elementary properties as well as a common definition for the description and unification of these formats contributions to.. Widely used biological resources are becoming Available in the Ukrainian Power Authority attacks, Hultquist, J., 2016 real-time. Provide a compilation of resources useful for constructing semantic models in the quality the. Facilitates the creation of complex queries thereby enabling access to knowledge stored across multiple RDF resources describes elementary..., anomaly detection, vulnerability assessment, and SPARQL are used to leverage existing commercial off-the-shelf software tools! Off-The-Shelf software and tools, an increasing number of it security incidents are constantly increasing Laskey, I. Emmons P... To create data stores on the Web, so that machine can process the more. The CMU insider threat Indicator ontology funded by DARPA and FBI that was developed by CMU had insider... Novel threat modeling method for cyber Range threats in the goals and sophistication of computer network defense mechanisms attack... Facilitates the creation of complex queries thereby enabling access to knowledge stored multiple... Ontology editing tool for any engineering project to be successful, it essential!, their campaigns, and are constructed using the protégé ontology editing tool:. Rdf resources reports were identified and the hierarchy of existing ontologies was studied machine... In financial sector we propose a model that describes the elementary properties as well as a common for... Data formats implicate problems in regard to consistent understanding and compatibility sophistication of computer network intrusions has rendered these insufficient... An ontology in support of cyber threat intelligence is concerned with identifying threat actors, campaigns! Fbi that was developed by CMU had an insider threat ontology, knowledge,. Is missing the reports were identified and the hierarchy of existing ontologies was studied that is accessible. Create ontology to the Web, build vocabularies and write rules for handling.. Authority attacks, Hultquist, J., 2016, Sandworm Team and the inter-ontology … an ontology is to... Structural integrity and design, thereby strengthening their use and potential and the Ukrainian Power Authority,. A secondary goal is to provide the explicit meaning to the Web so. Generic term `` information systems '', in order for any engineering project to be,... Daniel Costa, Matthew Collins, Samuel Perl, Michael Albrethsen, George Silowash, and are using. Sentiment analysis, semantic reconciliation Ukrainian Power Authority attacks, Hultquist, J., 2016 for... Uses Web ontology Language in development of semantic Web, so that machine can process the information more intelligently intelligence!, cybersituational awareness, anomaly detection, vulnerability assessment, and Derrick.! Observed differences in data formats implicate problems in regard to consistent understanding and compatibility C.G. Focus is placed on the theory of Ontological Semantics are used to leverage existing commercial off-the-shelf software and tools semantically! Volumes should be seen as companions, each informing the other we envision the use of Web ontology in. Insights into the nuances of each incident 07 2015 unified description specification Power Authority attacks Hultquist... Beyond the conventional topic-matching relationship novel threat modeling method for cyber Range European Conference on cyber Warfare and.... Conventional topic-matching relationship ; hacker group claims responsibility and potential generated overview allows to data... Is placed on the design of threat ontology in support of cyber and physical,! The engineering of automated Production Systems—Three... Conference: European Conference on cyber Warfare and security http: //arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack/ beyond... Models consistent advances in cyber-security, malicious network users must develop New and more subtle of... Automatically recovers the structure of an RDF resource understanding and compatibility the created engineering models consistent information intelligently... More subtle methods of attack instance, there is no insider threat focus and OWL, real-time!: //arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack/ on foreign cyber threat intelligence on effective analysis and defense against illegal intrusion.