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Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, partner: "uarus31" googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(false); iasLog("__tcfapi removeEventListener", success); { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [120, 600] }}, Soft spots and big guns (Idioms and phrases in newspapers). iasLog("__tcfapi useractioncomplete or tcloaded ", tcData, success); { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_btmslot_mobile_flex' }}, iasLog("criterion : cdo_l = en-us"); HOSA Medical Law and Ethics. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776160', position: 'atf' }}, }; bidderSequence: "fixed" googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pt", "ex"); A common framework used in the analysis of medical ethics is the "four principles" approach postulated by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in their textbook Principles of biomedical ethics. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [160, 600] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776336', position: 'btf' }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, Write. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_leftslot' }}]}, 'increment': 0.05, 'max': 8, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [300, 250] }}, } insurance companies, the person, such as a primary care physician, or entity, such as an insurance company, that approves patient referrals to other physicians or services, (Primary Care Physician) HMO-designated physician to manage and control an enrolled patient's medical care, (Managed Care Organizations) a type of medical plan that pays for and manages the medical care a patient receives, (Preferred Provider Organization) a managed care concept in which the patient must use a medical provider who is under contract with the insurer for an agreed-upon fee in order to receive copayment from the insurer, an agreed-upon fee paid by the insured for certain medical services; usually $10-$20, (Exclusive Provider Organization) a type of managed care that combines the concepts of the HMO and PPO, federal program that provides healthcare coverage for persons over 65 years of age as well as for disabled persons or those who suffer kidney disease or other debilitating ailments, (Diagnostic Related Groups) designations used to identify reimbursement per condition in a hospital; used for Medicare patients, the payment amount or reimbursement with a set rate for certain procedures is known in advance, (Health Care Quality Improvement Act) provides for peer review of physicians by other physicians and healthcare professionals, (National Practitioner Data Bank) a listing of names that assists with peer review of physicians, a medical practice in which the physician works alone, a type of medical practice in which one physician may employ other physicians, a legal agreement in which physicians agree to share a facility and staff but do not, as a rule, share the responsibility for the legal actions of each other, 3 or more physicians who share the same facility and practice medicine together, a type of medical practice, as established by law, which is managed by a board of directors, a mandatory credentialing process that allows an individual to perform certain skills, a voluntary credentialing process usually offered by a professional organization, indicates that the person whose name is listed on an official record or register has met certain requirements in that particular profession, legislation or regulation stating that hospitals and healthcare professionals are not required to assist with such procedures as abortion and sterilization, withdrawing medical care from a patient without providing sufficient notice to the patient, when a noncompliant patient leaves a hospital without physician's permission, (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) the virus that causes the immune system to break down and can eventually result in the disease AIDS, prediction for the course of their disease, confidential information that has been told to a physician (or attorney) by the patient, a person who makes decisions for the patient or person, a written statement in which people state the type and amount of care they wish to receive during terminal illness and as death approaches, allows patients to set forth their intentions in advance as to their treatment and care, (Do not Resuscitate) a designation placed on a patient's medical record indicating that in the case of cessation of circulation and breathing, artificial resuscitation (CPR) is not to be done, a legal agreement that allows an agent or representative of the patient to act on behalf of the patient, the person authorized to act on behalf of the patient, (Uniform Anatomical Gift Act) allows persons 18 and up and of sound mind to make a gift of any or all body parts for purposes of organ transplantation or medical research, a person who hasn't reached the age of maturity (most states 18+), a person assigned by court to stand in place of the parents and who possesses their legal rights and responsibilities toward the child, when the state tales responsibility from the parents for the care and custody of minors under the age of 18, the voluntary agreement that a patient gives to allow a medically trained person the permission to touch, examine, and perform a treatment, (Or expressed) the patient agrees to the proposed course of treatment after having been told about the consequences of having or not having certain procedures and treatments, when patients indicate by their behavior that the are accepting of the procedure, professional misconduct or demonstration of an unreasonable lack of skill with the result of injury loss, or damage to the patient, when a person either performs or fails to perform an action that a "reasonable professional person" would or wouldn't have performed in a similar situation (unintentional act), intentionally performing a wrong and illegal act, the improper performance of an otherwise proper or lawful act; there are errors and an unfortunate result through mistake or carelessness, but without evil intent and/or violation of law, the failure to perform a necessary action;the failure of an agent (employee) to perform a task he/she has agreed to do for his/her principal (employer, the responsibility established by the physicians patient relationship; obligation that one has to another, (neglect) of duty is a physician's failure to act as an ordinary and prudent physician (a peer) would act as in a similar circumstance, the continuous sequence of events, unbroken by any intervening cause, that produces an injury and without which the injury would not have occured, the injury was closely related to the defendant's negligence, evidence showing that something more likely than not the incident accured, (exemplary damages) monetary awards by a court to a person who has been harmed in an especially malicious or willful way, a slight or token payment awarded by the court, if a patient's death has been caused by the physician's negligence, the deceased person's dependents and heirs may sue for wrongful death, the deliberate concealment of the facts from another person for unlawful or unfair gain, allows the defendant to present evidence that the patient's condition was the result of factors other than the defendant's negligence, the legal defense that prevents a plaintiff fro recovering damages if the plaintiff voluntarily accepts a risk associated with the activity, to conduct on the part of the plaintiff that is a contributing cause of an injury; a complete bar to recovery of damages, a special application of respondeat superior; when an employer lends an employee to someone else, mean "the thing has been decided" or "a matter decided by judgment", legal responsibility for one's own actions, the legal relationship formed between two people when one person agrees to perform work for another person, rules that govern the admissibility of evidence into federal court, the act of determining the outcome of a case outside a court room, additional component to an insurance policy, claims insurance that covers the insured party for only the claims made during the time period the policy is in effect (or policy year), liability insurance that covers the insured party for all injuries and incidents that occurred while the policy was in effect, regardless of when they are reported to the insurer or when the claim is made, ordering more tests and procedures than are necessary in order to protect oneself from a lawsuit, (Alternative Dispute Resolution) methods for resolving a civil dispute that do not involve going to court, submitting a dispute to a person other than a judge, a person chosen to decide a disagreement between 2 parties, using the opinion of a 3rd party to resolve a civil dispute in a nonbinding decision;the attempt to settle a legal dispute through active participation of a third party (mediator) who works to find points of agreement and make those in conflict agree on a fair result, major events or facts from a person's life, such as live births, deaths, induced termination of pregnancy, and marriages, the rate of sick people or cases of disease in relationship to a specific population, responsibilities the Physician owes to the public, a public health officer who holds an investigation (inquest) if a person's death is from an unknown or violent cause, an investigation held by a public official to determine the cause of death; investigation, a postmortem examination of organs and tissues to determine the causes of death, a reasonable belief that something improper has occurred, court order that prohibits an abuser from coming into contact with the victim, branch of medicine concerned with the law, especially criminal law, (Food and Drug Administration) an agency within the Department of Health and human Services that ultimately enforces laws regarding oversees drug sales and distribution, an acquired physical or psychological dependence on a drug, the development of an emotional dependence on a drug due to repeated use, (Drug Enforcement Administration) a division of the Department of Justice that enforces the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, a federal statute that regulates the manufacture and distribution of the drugs that are capable of causing dependency, (Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs)an agency of the federal government responsible for enforcing laws covering statutes of addictive drugs, the combination and mixing of drugs and chemicals, distribution, delivering, disposing, or giving away a drug, medicine, prescription, or chemical, the legal act of selling or trading a drug, medicine, prescription, or chemical, (Employee Assistance Program)a management-financed, confidential counseling referral service designed to help employees and/or their family members assess a problem such as alcoholism, (Material Safety Data Sheet) an information sheet which provides specific information on handling and disposing of chemicals safely, negative generalities concerning specific characteristics about a group are applied to an entire population, unfair dislike or preference for something, a belief that one's cultural background is better than any other, the employment takes place at either the will of the employer or the employee, when an employee believes that the employer does not have a just-cause, or legal reason, for firing the employee, prohibits discrimination in employment based on five criteria: race, color, religion, gender, or national origin, prohibits employers from discriminating against the handicapped, prohibits employer actions such as attempting to force employees to stay out of unions, and labels these actions as "unfair labor practice", (Occupational Safety and Health Act) requires an employer to provide a safe and healthy work environment; the employer must protect the worker against hazards, medication route other than the alimentary canal (oral and rectal) including subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes, disease-producing microorganisms transmitted by means of blood and body fluids containing blood, (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act), (Employee Retirement Income Security Act), (Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act). 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